Recording gas calorimeter



Aug. 27, 1929. c. v. BOYS 1,726, 0

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Aug. 2 /1929. I v, B YS 1,726,140

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RECORDING ens CALORIMETER Filed Jan. 27, 1921 a Sheets-Slieet a Patented Aug. 27, 1929.

NITED STATES CHARLES VERNON BOYS, OF WESTMINSTER, LONDON, ENGLAND.

RECORDING GAS CALORIMETER.

Application filed January 27, 1921. Serial No. 440,453.

A recording gas calorimeter is intended to solve the following problem. The gas to be tested must be burned continuously and its rate of flow governed and measured. Further the rate at which heat is being produced by the combustion must be ascertained not in terms of heat units per actual volume consumed but interms of heat units per corrected volume, that is, of the volume that the would have occupied if it had been at the standard temperature and pressure and saturated with water at the standard temperature, thus eliminating the disturbances of volume caused by varying atmospheric conditions. The figure obtained by dividing the number of heat units per minute by the corrected volume of gas per minute is the gross calorific value of the gas and this must be automatically and continuously ascertained by the instrument and recorded as by a pen drawing a line on paper moved forwards by clockwork, the result beingread on the scale on the paper as British thermal units per cubic foot (corrected) or. calories per cubic metre (correctcd) or otherwise according to the units adopted. Or to meet special requirements the same scale divisions on the paper may be read as percentage departures from any standard or declared value above or below this standard as the case may be. Further it may be desired to integrate the whole number of heat units produced by the combustion of a definite flow of gas (corrected) from the time at which the instrument was last set or,

to integrate the departure of the whole number of heat units from that which would have been shown if the gas had maintained its in tended value from the time at which the instrument was last set so that, for instance, at the end of three months by merelyreading the indication of a pointer on a dial either the whole number or the departure above mentioned may be read without trouble or calculation. This integration may be required in relation to time or in relation to the quantity of gas passing in the main or inrelation to both. All'this, instruments according to my invention are able to accomplish, every factor being determined positively and none inferentially. I

My invention consists in a new combination of the several elements resulting in a new series of interconnected operations whereby accurate results are obtained, parts usually present are eliminated and those remaining and additional parts are of simple construction and the instrument assumes the form of a compact and organic whole instead of comprlsing a series of detached elements.

My invention further consists in certain special elements suited to take their places in the new combination, which special elements are in some cases available for independent use. i I

I will first describe in general terms one example of apparatus constructed according to my present invention, afterwards dealing in greater detail with the component parts.

According to my invention the new series of interconnected operations and special new features of the elements are as follows. Water is constantly supplied at a rate greater than that which will be passed through the calorimeter proper this being of the flow type. Water is delivered intoa measuring device whichwhen a certain desired quantity has been delivered discharges this quantity into a vessel after which the water stream is diverted into asecond vessel. At equal intervals of time, for instance, every thirty seconds, the water again enters the measuring vessel and this process is repeated all the time that the instrument is in operation. By this means'the first vessel receives the exact amount required for the action of the calorimeter while the excess to be used for other operations in the instrument passes into the second vessel. An orifice is provided at the bottom of each vessel'of such size that the water can escape as fast as it is received when a convenient depth of liquid is attained. The outflow of each vessel then, while subject to a moderate cyclic variation, is continuous and exactly equal in average amount to the water received. As will be seen such shortperiod cyclic variation can produce no visible or harmful efiect on the record.

The water from the first vessel passes next to the calorimeter proper preferably through a long worm lining a containing tower within which the calorimeter is housed. Thereafter it passes through the calorimeter and is then discharged. The calorimeter of the flow type is of simple construction but has two novel features of special importance in a continuously working instrument. Much less gas than usual is advantageously burned in such an instrument so that losses of heatdue to imperfect jacketingwouldbe proportionately more se i us By the use of a hi hly ill ill

; movement.

conducting shield, according to my invention, I am able to obtain the same effect that would be produced by a perfectly insulating jacket and thus avoid all heat loss as will be explained below. The acid products of combustion have a corrosive and solvent action on the metal work through which they pass. Accordingly I make this part of the calorimeter of very simple form and easily detachable and replaceable and the calorimeter easily removable from beloW without disturbing any other part of the combination. The re placeable part is of so simple a form that it may be made of lead with the joints autogenously soldered, thus much reducing the corrosive action and rendering replacement very seldom necessary.

The flow of gas to the calorimeter is both determined and measured by a wet meter of special construction having .a diiferential connection between its drum and a clock governed axle; and the water level in the meter is automatically caused to vary in such a manner that the volume of gas delivered by the meter at each revolution is the same on the supposition that it is measured at standard temperature and pressure and saturated with water vapour. The particular differential connection preferred, is free to turn on a screwed axle so that if axle and drum turn at the same rate there is no end long movement whereas if the rate is different the measuring drum moves one way or the other according to the direction of the relative This longitudinal movement serves to operate a control for the gas inlet, reducin it when the drum is rotating faster than tlieaxle and vice versa. The gas supply is thus maintained at the desired rate if measured under standard conditions and the governor usually required to overcome-the inequalities of the matter may be dispensed with because the friction of the meter axle is not only free from that due to a stufling box, but does not have to be overcome by the pressure of the gas.

The features of the wetmeter do not form )art of my present invention.

The axle of the meteris conveniently connected directly to the escapement wheel of a pendulum clock driven by a water wheel operated by the waste water from the second vessel aforesaid. By this means the need for both a counting train for the meter and a driving train for the clock is avoided, Furthermore the need for winding is removed and the clock is operated under ideal conditions by a constant torque.

The water level in the meter is caused to vary by raising or lowering an adjustable outlet orifice whilea very small quantity is derived as by a wick controlling a duct fed from the water wheel supply or by a cup bucket or siphon having a capillary outlet tube to provide for leakage at the meter axle or else where or for evaporation. The raising or lowering of the outlet orifice is effected con veniently by connecting it to a balance beam or lever, one end of which is moved by the action of a small inverted air vessel dipping in and closed by mercury on which floats a small quantity of water. The volume of the saturated air will vary in the same manner under conditions of temperature and pressure as that of the gas in the meter drum and the connection of the air vessel to the outlet orifice is such that the volume of the gas space in the meter drum is maintained in constant proportion to that of the air in the air vessel as will be explained more particularly hereinafter. By this means a constant supply of gas as measured under standard conditions is pro vided for combustion in the calorimeter and this may be set for any standard rate such, for instance, ashalf a cubic foot per hour and the clock itself indicates not only the time but the gas supply as well and as will be explained below, drives the drum carrying the recording paper and the drum of the integrator. co long then as gas and water are supplied and so long as the paper supply for the drum is sufficient the instrument will Work indefinitely without requiring attention for winding or setting. It will be apparent en passant that such a meter with variable water level but without endlong movement of the drum on its axis would be useful on a large scale as a works meter showing the actual gas production free from atmospheric disturbances of volume and in other cases where the knowledge of actual gas quantities is desired.

It will be evident that with gas of any particular calorific power the rise of temperature of the Water in its passage through the calorimeter will depend on the relative volumes of gas (corrected) and water allowed to pass and each of these are independently governed by the clock but may be made such as will give a convenient temperature rise. Conversely where the calorimeter is to be used for ascertaining if gas is of some particular declared value, and if not by how much it departs therefrom, the water measuring vessel may be given such capacity that if the calorific power of the gas has the declared value then a particular rise of temperature, for instance, 10 or 20 Qor 18 or 36 F, will take place in the calorimeter. For such purpose it is convenient that the measuring capacity should be adaptable to the declared value. With such an arrangement the same recording paper and recording means and the same rise of temperature are suitable without alteration for any declared value and the departures therefrom will be proportions of the whole conveniently shown on the recording sheet as percentage departures therefrom (-1- .or as the case may be). Where, however, it is intended that a record such that the number of degrees rise is an aliquot part ofthe figure expressing the calorific value. For example, if with gas of a calorific value of 540 British thermal units per cubic foot (corrected) a rise of 1 temperature of 27 F. is produced, then the ratio would be 20 and, whatever the calorific value may be, the recorded value on the papers scale would always be 20 multiplied by the rise of temperature as shown by two thermometers an arrangement which greatly facilitates the testing of the whole apparatus. These two examples are given to show how the invention is available for two usual types of use and the samerecord paper isadaptable for either as required.

In order to cause a pen to move over the paper I make use of relatively large operative thermometers filled with a liquid having a high a co-eflicient of expansion but a relatively low b co-efiicient when the volume is expressed by an equation of the usual type V: V (1+at+bt have found amyl alcohol a suitable liquid and it has shown no sign of corrosive action on the met al by which it is contained. One bulb is in the inlet water compartment of the calorimeter casing and the other bulb is in the outlet compartment, each bulb being connected with a variable capacity indicator such as a group of aneroid diaphragms the movements of which, owing to expansion or contraction of the liquid, are a measure of the changes of temperature. Owing to the use ofbulbs of large size, a sufiicient expansion is obtained and owing to the expansion being that of a liquid and not of a gas the movement is one of insistence and not a mere elastic or persuasive push, which is all that can be obtained from a gaseous content. The two thermometers are so mutually proportioned as to give slightly difierent'linear movements for the same change of temperature. For instance, I prefer to make the bulb of the inlet or cold water thermometer of greater capacity than that of the hot water thermometer in the ratio of 10:9 and the aneroid devices have equal diameters so that the linear movements are in the ratio 10:9 for the same change of. temperature in each. The first.

end of the first lever is not moved thereby but only by dilference of temperature. The far end is connected by a link with the short arm of the pen lever. The pen is at the end of the long arm and this writes directly on the travelling paper. The length of the short arm is adjustable so as to make the scale of magnification correct. The length of one of the connections between the aneroid boxes and the thermometer lever is adjustable so that the pen may be set to the correct division on the paper to correspond as already explained with the observed difference of temperature of two standard thermometers in the inlet and outlet water of the calorimeter respectively. In order that the scale of magnification may be ample enough with a conveniently narrow band of paper I'prefer to arrange that only a moderate part of the scale of calorific value, or only a moderate departure from the declared value, for instance in the latter case, from 20 to +20 is provided on the paper or so much of a complete scale as is ever like 1y to be required. I arrange that when the calorimeter is not in use, or when the two thermometers differ in temperature by an amount which would move the pen off the paper at the low value end, the connection between the aneroid box and the thermometer lever merely goes out of engagement and the pen lever is not driven past a limiting stop; and I cause a slight torque to be applied to the axis of the pen lever tending to move the pen towards the low value end of the record.

In the rocking axis of the pen lever I pro vide an integrator of the Amster type so as to integrate with respect to time the departure of the pen from its middle position. The construction of this will be described below in detail but it may be mentioned here that a cross axle is driven by a worm on the clock axle and this cross axle drives an operative drum at the rate of oneturn per day. The integrating wheel is equal in diameter to the drum and the pen lever is made 100 times as long as a 1% departure from the declared value on the paper scale. With such proportions at the end of any period since it was last set a reading taken on the integrating wheel is interpreted as follows: This being divided into 100 parts eachdivision' on the or side corresponds to an integrated value equal to that which would be produced by one days excess or defect of 1% as the case may be. Of course other proportions maybe used but integrators are well understood and need no more explanation. If the record is one of actual calorific value and the pen lever is 100 times as long as the movement corresponding to'one unit then the integrated result is interpreted as follows: If the record is zero then the average value of the gas is that of the division marked by the pen when in its middle position. If the reading is, for

instance, +5 that means that the excess over the value, indicated by the middle position of the pen, is that which would be produced if the gas had the middle position value all the time except for five days when the excess was 1 unit, or for one day when the excess was .5 units, and similarly for other proportions as will be understood by those conversant with integrators. The integrating wheel is carried in a lantern in the pen axis and the weight of the whole is carried on the operative drum. Where the friction or wear due to such a pressure is more than is desirable I counterbalance in part the weight of the pen lever axis and lantern and the same thread which is used for giving :a torque to the axis may be used to counterbalance it in part by giving it an inclined and eccentric pull.

If, in addition to the integral in respect of time, it is desired to find the integral in respect of quantity, or in other words, the total quantity of heat which would be produced by the combustion of the gas passing in any main, then I measure this .gas by an inferential meter (if that be accurate enough) or by an actual meter :of the type described herein, large enough to carry the whole of the gas, which meters actual gas irrespective of its adventitious changes of volume. The measuring drum of the meter is connected, by gearing with a known ratio, to the drum of a second integrator similar to and so connected as to move the first. The record on the integrating disc of the second integrator enables the heat value of the gas that has passed since the instrument was last set to be ascertained as explained best by an example; if, for instance, one turn of the integrating drum were caused by the passage of 1,000,000 cubic feet (corrected) of gas and the pen lever were 100 times as lung as the distance on the record corresponding to 1%, then if 500 were the declared value, then the record would be zero if the gas had maintained on the average its declared value, and 500 multiplied by the number of cubic feet (corrected) shown by the meter would be the heat value of all the gas that had passed; but if the reading were, for instance +20 then the heat value of the gas would be that already found 22 number of cubic feet 100 1,000,000

screws. I employ the front end of this shaft to turn wheels one at one turn an hour and the other at one turn in twelve hours in the clock direction and hands moved by these show the time on a clock face on the front of the calorimeter tower.

All the parts of the combination are carried on shelves or brackets round the calorimeter tower and thus form a compact and organic whole rather than a series of separate and semi-independent instruments.

If when left unattended the water supply should be cut off, the calorimeter has the advantage that the clock will immediately lose its motive power and stop and the meter drum will run on the screw and shut ofi the gas thus preventing automatically overheating of the calorimeter, with possible destruction of some of its parts. If the water supply is resumed the bucket will tip over and be caught by the detent but the clock will not start and no more gas will flow. The time of the stoppage will remain recorded on the chart.

If, during the unattended operation of the instriiunent, the gas should be cut off the flame would go out and the meter drum, not now being driven, would be screwed in such a direction as to open the gas way until it reached the limit of its movement when the clock would be stopped. If thereafter the gas should be turned on again, the meter would turn so far as to screw the drum to the other extreme and cut off the gas, now not burning, automatically. If the clock were a pendulum clock it would not start again but if a balance wheel clock it might do so and in that case the gas, having gone out, would again pass at the proper rate and, not being burned, would escape. This is a reason for preferring a pendulum clock.

If for any reason the clock should stop the gas meter drum would move on its screw closing the gas constriction and putting out the flame while the calorimeter would be deprived of water.

From these considerations it will be seen that the combination of elements is such that, in the event of such accidents as might occur, neither is the calorimeter a source of danger to the building in which it is placed nor is there any necessity to provide special safety devices operated by extremes of temperature or otherwise which, besides being additional complications are liable to fail from want of use.

Referring now to the accompanying draw- Figure 1 is a planpartly in section of the whole apparatus extending to the left only as far as the gas meter, and omitting the regulating top and testing vessels. In Figure 1 the lids. of the calorimeter tower and hot water channel are removed to show more clearly what is below them even though the expansion boxes and thermometer bulbs carried by one of them are shown in position. Parts of the plan are shown in section.

Figure 2 is a front elevation partly in section of the upper part of so much of the instrument as is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2 is a sectional view on the line :r- 2 of Figure 2.

Figure 3 is a side elevation from the right of so much of the instrument as is shown in Figure l with one expansion box in section.' F igure 4 1s a side elevation from the left of the upper part as in Figure 2.

Figure 5 is a vertical section through the calorimeter tower on the line 55, of'Figure 6, of the tower and so much of the instrument as is within the tower.

Figure 6 is a plan of Figure 5 with part cut away and with the thermometer bulbs and connections absent.

Figure 7 is a view from below of the water and gas channel constructions only.

Figure 7 is asection on the line 66 of Figure 7. 1

Figure 8 is an elevation from the left of Figure 7.

Figure 9 is a portion of a detail of Figure 5.

Figures 10 A to L, are a number of views of the meter drum and a geometrical diagram explaining its principle of action. 1

Figure 11 is a front View of the regulating tap and control valve with front plate removed.

Figure 12 is a horizontal. section through the axis of Figure 11.

Figure 13 is a back View of Figures 11 and 12.

Figure 14: is an elevation from the left of Figure 11.

Figure 15 is a back view of the front plate of the tap.

Figure 16 is a front view of the front plate of the tap.

Figure 17 is a front elevation partly in section of the testing appliances (situated to the left of the parts shown in Figure 1).

Figure 18 is a plan of Figure 17.

Figure 19 is a front View of the parts below the shelf or table upon which all the parts shown in Figure 1 are carried.

Figure 20 is a plan of the parts shown in Figure 19 with the position of relative parts above the shelf indicated by dotted lines.

Dealing now in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings with the parts in the order mentioned in the earlier part of this specification, the water measuring device WV (Figures 1 to 4-.) is shown as consisting of an eccentrically supported vessel W into which water is directed'by the jet 1W until it is filled to some point in the'eccentric neck at which the balance of the vessel is destroyed and it tips over to the position shown in dotted lines in Figure 2, being arrested by the partition W between two water compartments W and W and discharging its con tents into W The water vessel l/V then tendin to revert to its former position under the influence of the small weight W; is prevented from so doing by the. engagement of the pawl )V with the detent W thus allowing all the water to drain from W The water passes from the compartments W to W through a hole of such size as to maintain a moderate average difference of level of the Water in the two compartments and the water leaves the compartment W by the orifice W which directs it into the end C of the pipe G (Figure 5) which is coiled round. within the calorimeter tower. This orifice should be of such size as to maintain an average level of water approximately as shown by dotted lines in Figure 2. When the vessel W is in its tipped-over position the water from the jet automatically falls into the back water compartment W as indicated by the dotted tra jectory (F igure from which it issues by the orifice W and so is delivered by the tube 1V (Figure 3) to the water wheel E of the meter. After an interval determined by the rotation of the water Wheel, itself governed by and driving the clock,-a projecting lug on the water wheel (shown dotted in Figure 1) wipes past the tailof'the lever W rocking the same about its fulcrum pin W and causing the pawl WV to be lifted by the lever W thus allowing the water vessel to resume its former position. The movement is arrestedv by the head W of the screw stop l/V acting on the detent W g. ,This is arranged below the vessel as shown So that under the influence of the shock the supporting pin W is every time jerked back towards or against the back vertical edges W of the recesses in which it moves having thus a clear and unobstructed path to roll forwards on the bottom of said recesses thus being free from all except rolling friction so that the measurement of the water may be as exact as possible. The screw stop may be adjusted by turning the wing head W to bring the water measured to the exact quantity required and the position secured by means of the lock nut W As will be evident from Figures 1 to 4, the triple water vessel W W rests upon a shelf W carried by the upright W itself secured to the calorimeter tower CC and the recesses Wi W are cut in the arms W of the upright W itself bolted to the shelf W by means of the wing nut W and to this upright W the screw W is secured by the lock nut W The lever W can be lifted off at any time as also can be either of the water vessels. p

The construction of the calorimeter proper may be best understood from a consideration of Figure 1 and of Figures 5 to 9 in conjunction with the following description;

The water from the vessel VV passes direct into the end 0 of the coil of pipe G which is led round within the-calorimeter tower CC and ultimately discharges at the turned over other end C into the cold water compartment C of the calorimeterproper. The cold water compartment C, and the hotwater compartment C of the calorimeter are each secured by a. sound water-tight connection such as solder to the base C in which a communicating passage C is drilled and awater groove or ring G is turned or cast. The open lower endof the hot water compartment C; and base C are, closed by aplatc C being securedithere to bythe screws C and the jpint renderedv watertight by the washer C The plate is provided withthree ears C by which screws G fiz; it to the wooden base G The. base C ispierced. to admit ofthe updraught central gas channel C and the down-draught gas channel s C of which. nine are shown, but. .this number 1s not essential, and the upper ends of the gas channels are joined by means of the hot gasboz; C made as shown in two pieces secured together and to the gas channels so a o. be. absolutely water-tight by solder or by. autogenous soldering, If de sired I may provide an annulartray beneath calorimeter structure canbe withdrawn from calorimeter.

below without disturbing any of the apparatus above or around the tower. base C is piercedwith a hole C through which the down. draught gas channels protrude and thisorifice isclosed; by the plate 0 so that the only entry for air of combustion is round the edge of theibase. There is a central hole in said plate to allow of the stem of the gas burner C entering, which burner tuberests at its lower end in a hole-onthe end of a spring supportC; (Figures 19 and 20) pressing up the burner until. a flange. C on the stem bears against the plateC and thus locates the burner and allows it to be removed easily at any time for inspection, and also allows any heat that may have passed downthe burner tube to be conducted back tov the The water coil C is conveniently supported on racksC (Figure 9) situated within the corners of the tower CC.

To prevent loss of heat from the hot water compartment G which even with the best insulation would be sufficient to be undesirable, I place a highly conducting exterior tube C see Figure 5, round the upper part of the hot water compartment C securing it thereto by the ring O the three being soldered together. The exterior of thetube C and of the lower The wooden part of the hot water compartment C are insulated by a thick coating of flannel, felt or other non-conductor of heat and this may be used also in the annular space between C and C (as shown). By this arrangement all the heat which escapes through imperfect insulation from the tube C is provided by the heat of the water which has done its work upon the bulb of the hot operative thermometer to be described and just before it is discharged by the pipe C (Figure l) which pipe must of course be unscrewed before the calorimeter proper can be removed from below as already described. As in the working of the calorimeter the water rising in the hotwater compartment does not rise in temperature appreciably until it is within an inch or twoof the hot gas box C afterwhich the rise is very rapid, it is clear that if the length of the tube 0 is properly chosen so as to terminate round the region of rapid rise and at the right part thereof, the passage of heat due to excess of temperature of C over that of 0 over a small area may be made very nearly equal to that due to the very slight defect of temperature over the much larger area above and thus in the aggregate there is neither gain nor loss of heat from the sides of the hot water compartment G a most important result in view of the necessarily large area of the hot part of this'tube and of the very serious effect of any loss where the amount of gas being burned is very much restricted. The upper end of the hot water compartment is closed by a plate C with an aperture C through which a standard thermometer may pass and the cover or the top of the compartment G5 has an aperture through which the tube T from the hot water thermometer bulb T to be described later, may pass. Any loss of heat from the plate C is derived from the water after it has done its work upon the hot thermometer bulb T and thus the provision against all loss of heat is complete.

It will be evident that the water in its as cent in the hot water channel passes up through the narrow fluted spaces round the hot gas box after which, to equalize the temperature of all parts of the stream, it is con strained by a conical shield T with a central orifice T to pass through this orifice and thereafter is spread out and passes up through the annular space round the hot thermometer bulb T and in part through the hot thermometer pocket T The conical shield T is located by feet T resting on the hot gas boX C The bulbs of the operative thermometers are made of unequal capacity as already explained, and in the arrangement illustrated a the cold water bulb has a capacity greater than that of the hot water bulb in the ratio of 10 to 9this being the ratio in which the first thermometer lever is divided. The cold water thermometer bulb consists of a tube water channel C of the calorimeter.

T nearly filling the lower part of the epllld e tube T is closed at its lower end by a plate T and at its upper end by a neck T into whichthe tube T, is screwed and soldered so as to ensure absolute freedom from leakage. Similarly the hot water thermometer bulb T is made of a shorter and wider tube nearly filling the lower part of the hot water channel (1,, immediately above the hot gas box C closed also by a plate T below and a neck T above into which the tube T is screwed and soldered. The hot water bulb is also pierced in the vertical direction by a tube T bridged by wires T 5 so as to serve as a pocket for the bulb of a standard mercurial thermometer. The cold water thermometer bulb is not so provided as the corresponding stand ard thermometer may be placed in the water above thebulb and merely rest on the top of the bulb. The tubes T' and T communicate respectively with the cold and hot expansion boxes T and T thecold one T directly, but the hot tube T; in a curved path as shown so that it may have an extended path in the hot water above the hot water thermometer bulb so that heat conducted by it outside the calorimeter tower will be derived from the hot water after it has acted on the hot wvater thermometer bulband in nodegree from said bulb. The expansion boxes" T' and T are alike in diameter and general formation except that the hot water box T is provided with five elastic diaphragms while the cold water box is shown with only three so that the hot water box may accommodate the greater expansion due to the greater range of temperature of the hot water bulb. Each expansion box has as a foundation a casting T in which ahole is drilled from the top to the bottom with aconstriction T as shown in Figure 3, to serve as a valve seat. Into the lower endthe tube T or T is secured by screwing and soldering while into the tapped upper end the-screw valve with reduced stem T and conical end T may be forcibly screwed by a key'acting on the squared head T so as to seal with certainty the outlet at thevalve face T There is a small hole T leading to the outside above the valve face and a larger hole T leading to the elastic partition space from the space below the valve. Thin discs of metal T are stamped or spun into the form shown and three or five (or other number desired) are connected. together by rings T cut from tube and soldered and the lip of the first is secured by solder to the circular groove T in the casting. The gap in the last is closed by a plate soldered in, The cold box plate carries a short project-ion T to which the first the rmometer lever T is pivoted by the pin T whilethe hot box T is closed by a plate which carries a projection T entering the box and drilled with a hole T so as to provide an'abutmentfor the screw T (Figure 1) which passes through the swivelling nut T in the thermometer lever T By means of the screw T the exact position of the pen on the recording sheet may be adjusted so as to agree with the result deduced from the readings of the standard thermometers as will be made more clear later. The far end of the first thermometer lever T is provided with a number of holes T close together so that when the compensation of this lever is tested by supplying the calorimeter with water first as cold and then as warm as any that may be expected,'so that both bulbs are at the same temperature on each occasion, the particular hole may be chosen as the pivot for the connecting link T to the second thermometer lever which corresponds to no movement of the latter for the change of temperature of the pair of thermometer bulbs. A]- ternatively a sliding block with a holein it may be used if preferred. On no account is this adjustment to be used for adjusting the scale of magnification for which special provision is made. The weight of the unsupported ends of the first thermometer lever T and link T is takenby a thread T (Figure 2) supported by a gallows T fastened to the calorimeter tower CC.

Each end of the link T is turned down at right angles at the front end to enter one of;

the holes T and at the back end to enter a hole in the hinged link T (Figure 1) the distance of which from the pen and integrator axis T is capable of adjustment through a considerable range partly by the action of the milled nut T and opposing spring T giving a fine adjustment, and partly by changingthe position of the pin of the hinges from one to another of the holes in the cranked arm T secured to the pen or integrator axis T and choice of a longer orshorter spring as required. The long arm of the pen lever at right angles to the short arm is as long as the distance from the axis T to the writing point of the pen T The pen, however, is capable of vertical motion about a horizontal axis about which it is in part balanced by the counterweight T so that the pen may rest upon the paper very lightly but certainly and from which it may at any time be lifted forexamination or replacement. The pen rests upon two upturned points on the arms I, of the integrator lantern which is all in one with the vertical pen axle there being in the pen frame T a conical hole T and a slot T pointing thereto which, as is Well known, constitute a geometrical hinge allowing of. only one movement. frame carries a small ink-well T and the pen preferably made of a fine silver tube T dips at one end into the ink-well while the other end protrudes through the end T of the pen frame which carries it. By means The pen used or the scale'of magnification desired. It

will be evident from the construction so far described that if it is desired to obtain acalorimetric record of gas which is liable to a moderate variation only, there is no necessity to include the whole range on the recording sheet from O to the highest possible value. If, for instance, the gas to be examined normally produces 550 British thermal units per cubic foot (corrected) of the gas and it can never rise above 65.0 or fall below 450, there is no necessity to pro- Vide a greater range than from 450 to 650 or perhaps from 500* to 600 on the recording sheet so that the scale of magnification may be proportionately increased. This the adjustment of the short arm of the ther mometer lever allows and the ruling of the sheet or value to be ascribed to the rulings is adapted accordingly. When with such arrangement the gas is cut off and the rise of temperature in the calorimeter is at an end the contraction of the hot expansion box does not drag the pen past the end of the drum or force it against any stop that may limit its motion for the recess T merely leaves the abutting end of the screw T with which it is ready to engage when the hot thermometer rises in temperature again. A spring T and thread T attached respectively to the integrator frame and pen or integrator axle T tend to direct the pen towards the low value end of the record and are overcome by the expansion of the fluid in the hot thermometer bulb T' expanding into the elastic expansion box T The thermometer bulbs are filled with amyl alcohol or other liquid having the desired characteristics already described by removing the screw valve, by the use of a capillary funnel or by warming and cooling, as is well understood by thermometer makers, and the air is removed from the elastic boxes by inclining them and pressing in and out while the liquid is supplied as required; Or alternatively, as shown in Figure 4, fine tubes T may be soldered to the highest points in the expansion boxes so that the air may escape through these tubes. Then after pinching these tubes to close them they may be sealed hermetically with solder. When filled each with liquid at. about the mean temperature of the whole rangeto which it .is liable to be exposed, the screw is put in and forcibly screwed down on to its seat whereby all leakage ismade impossible and in the process the liquid above the valve seat {is able to escape at the hole T from which the remaining liquid may in time evaporate.

The vertical pen or integrator axle consists for the most part of the lantern T T I I (Figure 3) made of an upper plate I lower plate I and rods I and pivoted above and below in the integrator frame 1 by means of wires I (Figure 2) which allow certain vertical freedom as well as freedom to turn. The rods 1 of the lantern carry two bent bars I with screwed pivots I, on which can turn freely and without shaking the divided integrating wheel 1 An integrator drum I is carried on an axle I which cuts through the lantern and is supported on pivot screws I in the" integrator frame I on which it can turn freely and without shaking. The weight of the integrator frame is carried in part by the integrator wheel I which rests upon the integrator drum I and in part by the tension of'the spring T and thread (Figure 2). which serve also to move'the pen towards'the' low value end of the record sheet and free" the whole pen and thermometer lever systemfrombacklash. By varying the angle. of pull and tension of spring'hoth of the consequent actions can be, varied at will. The axl'e T is turned at a known rate-as shown in the drawings, once a dayby means of a worm-Wheel on the axle I and worm on across axle as will be described when the meter-clock and record drum combination is explained. The integrator then will give on, the divided integrator wheel a. record of the integrated value of the departure of the pen from its meanposition with respect to time measured from that at which it was last set to-Zero or as the case may be. If it is expected: that the integrator Wheel will make more than one turn a; worm or other counter canbe added as in an Amsler planimeter, but for thepurpose of checking the value of gas which is intended' to comply with a certain standard, this is unnecessary, more especially as the wide departure from the standard value which a whole turn would indicate would be found upon the record sheet from which it could independently be determined.

The clock H is a clock of one escapement wheel H and recoil pallet anchor H only, there being no driving train needed. The driving couple isproduced by the action of the waste water from the water vessel filling the buckets of the water wheel I-l carried on the meter axle to be described later but driving the escapement wheel arbor H through the elastic connection H The escapement wheel is conveniently loose on the arbor H4 being connected thereto by the pinching screw H It follows from this construction that as this arbor can be with drawn without separating the plates H forming the frame ofthe clock and the anchor arbor can be removed by unscrewing the usual pendulum cock H there is no necessity'to make the clock frame with separable plates but a single casting or piece of flat brass bent up twice at right angles is allthat is needed. The clock is held down on to the bracket H which carries also the integrator frame by means of acbolt and wing nut H The crutch H and pendulum H being of ordinary clock construction do not need further description. As shown in the.

an hour and as arranged this is in the counterclockwise direction as seen from the front. The shaft H carries at its back end a worm which engages with a wheelof 48 teeth on the integrator drum axle so that this axle turns once a day in such a direction that the edge of said drum as seen from the front moves upwards, while at itsfront end it is split by a saw cut H and the two halves sprung slightly apart so that when pushed in to the short tubular axle H it drives it, but allows it also to be turned independently. This short tubular axle H carries at its front end a wheel H of 30 teeth or of any number that is convenient and also the two pins H which with the wheel H of i8 teeth of peculiar form, as shown in the drawings, form a known kind of gear so that the wheel H turns once in12 hours in the clock-hand direction and carrying a hand H shows the hour on a dial H A wheel H of twice as many teeth as the wheel H shows the minutes on the dial H The details of this part of the instrument do not need description as they represent ordinary clock construction but the peculiar gearing is advantageous for the two reductions of 2 and 24 to 1 respectively and the reversal of direction in each case. The correct indication of time by the clock is a satisfactory indication that the whole machine is worl ing normally and that, as will be seen later, the gas is passing at the intended rate, this being in the case shown in the drawing at the rate of half a cubic foot (corrected) per hour or 12 cubic feet (corrected) per day. The back end of the tubular axle H carries a worm H above which is the worm wheel H of 48 teeth which therefore turns in the opposite direction to the integrator drum but at the same rate of one turn per day. Thus it will be seen that with all three worms right-handed the several worm wheels are all driven in the directions desired. As to the ratios of gearing these may be varied according to special requirements; those mentioned are those which I have chosen for general convenience. The worm wheel is fast on a long sleeve H which runs freely on a fixed axle H carried by a bracket H with a projecting lug H which forms a bearing or support for the cross-shaft H At the end of the axle H a wing nut H is screwed on tight to ,formcanabutment so that the worm wheel H and its sleeve may turn freely but without end-long shaking. Around the sleeve H is a second sleeve H split with saw cuts H and sprung in at the cuts so asto form a friction drive and the second sleeve H carries aconcentric tube H which forms the drum on which the record paper is-carried under the pen. The drum carries a number of driving studs H for instance, six in number which enter holes in the recording paper H (Figures 3 and 19) so as to guide and drive it. The paper is divided as required but I have shown'in Figure 19 a portion of the paper ruled in a manner that is generally convenient. Lon gitudinally there are a series of equi-distant parallel lines every fifth being darker and every tenth still darker. represents the position of the pen when indicating that the. gas is of the declared value while each line to the right represents a fall of value of 1% and each line to the left a gain of value of 1%. These lines are crossed by curved lines ruled to a radius equal to that of the long arm of the pen lever. These are spaced so that 24 pass in one turn of the drum or one per hour and every sixth passes through one of the holes provided for the studs I- Such record when torn off and read with what was the lower part placed to the left gives a natural indication of time from left to right and high values for the gas, above-and low values below. If a different scale of magnification is desired such e. as double or half this may be effected by halving or doubling the short arm of the pen lever as already explained. Or if the record is to be one of actual value irrespective of any declared value the middle line is taken as representing some particular value e. g. 400 British thermal units per cubic foot (corrected) andeach line to the right e. g. 10 units below the value and each line to the left e. g. 10 units above this value so that in such case the record would include values from 200 to 600 or it might be preferred to give it more magnification and a smaller range e. g. from 300 to 500. According to the values desired the scale of magnification is adjusted by means of the screw T and link as already described and the position of the pen on the paper by means of the screw T and thus the desired record will be obtained. The paper is placed in the instrument in the form of a roll H resting in the trough H carried on the side of the calorimeter tower CG whereby a convenient degree of friction is obtained so as to keep the paper firmly on the drum. The free end of the paper hanging from the front of the drum is. conveniently clipped by means of a The middle line i weighted clip so as about to balance the triotion in the trough. A slit H is provided in the shelf or table on which the calorimeter tower with all the mechanism attached is carried so that the paper and clip may pass therethorugh. It will be evident from the description of the clock-face and drum and worm construction that when new paper is placed on the drum its position under the pen may be adjusted so as to make the recording pen mark on a line corresponding with the time shown on the clock-face simply by turning the drum on its frictionally driving inner sleeve. Also that ii' thereafter the hands should be set the drum will move in accordance with the movements of the hands and always keep accurately with them but that neither setting of the hands or of the drum will in the least affect the movement of the integrator drum or integrator wheel all of which results are most desirable.

The meter drum M of peculiar construction to be described later runs loosely and freely on the screwed axle M so that when there is any relative rotation between them the drum moves longitudinally on the axle. The axle M passes through a hole in the casing itself or in a bush M in the casing M and the casing is divided horizontally below the water level into two parts which may be bolted or screwed together. I preier a transparent cover made for instance or". celluloid or of glass so that the meter drum may be under observation when working.

The axle M is provided with a shoulder M preventing movement outwards while the boss of the water wheel forms an abutment preventingit from moving inwards so that the axle is free to turn without end-long shaking. The front endis unsupported as shown'but this is not a necessary feature. The meter axle is in line with the escapement wheel arbor H of the clock being connected thereto by means of a flexible or elastic connection H and driven by the water wheel as already described. The meter casing M rests on a water tray M (Figure 4:) on the shelf and cantilever M fastened to the back or the calorimeter tower CG and it is held down on to these by a bolt- M passing through a larger hole in the shelf so that it may be adjusted in position and clamped there by a wing nut M the meter drum M is designed to .have the following properties. It offers no measurable resistance to the flow oi gas at the rate of flow for which it is designed. The gas pass ing capacity follows a simple law, its variation in actual volume being in fact proportional to the changes in a certain angle made by the water level with a certain plane in the drum at the moment that a charge of gas is trapped, the angle being such that its trigonometrical sine varies as the water level varies. The water level is automatically corrected so that the actual volume of the gas passed at each revolution is proportional to the volume of gas at the temperature and pressure of the moment and saturated with water vapour, and thus the meter measures gas corrected for volume. it the meter drum is turning at a rate different from that of its axle it moves endwise and in doing so acts through a reducing lever on an inlet valve at which the gas enters the mantle on the front of the drum in such manner that it the drum is moving faster than the clock-governed axle the valve is gradually closed and vice versa. Thus without any other governor the is delivered from the meter at the exact rate intended after correction for volume and the hands of the clock showing correct time indicate that this is so. A count-er might, it desired, be actuated by the cross-shaft H (Figure 1), four turns of which as shown in the drawings, correspond with 1 cubic foot oi gas (corrected). In orderv to make the construction of the drum and the theory of its action more intelligible, I have shown in Figures 10, A to K, a number of views of the drum in part or as a whole.

The Figures 10 to 1O show views-of the meter drum in whole or in part from the ax.- ial direction while the Figures 10 1O 10 show transverse views in whole or in part. The side view 10 shows the six levels a to f which correspond with the six part views 10- to 10 while 1O is a view with part cut away of the whole. This large number of views is necessary for a clear explanation of the construction for though the drum is very easily made, the usual three views would not he sufficient to make its construction clear. Figure 10 shows the back plate (a of Figure 10*) only. Figures 10 shows this plate a with the part Z) in position upon it but in section on the line b b. Figure 10 shows the plate 0 of Figure 10 only while Figure 10 shows the part (Z in position upon it but in section on the line (Z (Z. Figure 1O shows the plate 0, Figure 10 in full lines ith some of the part (Z seen through itin dottedlin es. FigurelO is the mantle of Figure 10 Figure 10 is a front view of the whole rum with the mantle in partcut ure 10 is a view of 1O from the right, 10 is a view of 10 from below with the mantle in section, while 10 is a transverse sectional View from the same aspect as that from which 1O is taken From these drawings it will be seen that the drum consists of a pair of two-part measuring drums, one on either side of the central plate, 10 but turned, one relatively to the otherthrough a right angle. It will also be seen by reference to Figure 10 or 10 that each containing space is bounded by a concentric arc of a circle and two arcs of a circle of larger radius symmetrically situated, that is referring to the uppe half of 10 the are on the left is struck with the top point of the gas exit gap on the right as centre and the other three arcs are struck to arcs from centres symmetrically situated. The effect of this construction is made clear by the geometrical Figure 10 whereC is the centre of the drum, A B D'L the four points from which the arcs E B, H A and the corresponding pair, not shown, below are struck, while the are H K E is concentric with 0. Two circles are drawn about C as centre one passingthrough the point F in A B and the other through he point G, in A E, C F being less than the smallest possible depth of water above the axis of the meter drum while C G is equal to or greater than the greatest possible depth above this axis, then if the drum is rotating in the direction shown by the arrow M, the immersion of the point A which is the highest corner of the inlet orifice on the face of the disc 6, Figure 1O or 10 determines the moment and amount of gas trapped in the space above the water level which runs from the point A to some point in the are E B depending on the depth of water. There is a certain definite volume equal to the area A H K E multiplied by the thickness of the gas space and in addition there is the volume represented by the area E A if A is the variable water level. N ow if the radius A E is called r and the circular measure of the angle E A 6; then according to ordinary measuration the area A E A3r and therefore the change of area and hence of volume is directly proportional to the change in this angle. Again considering the right angled triangles A G C, A F C or any intermediate ones it will be seen that C F or C G or corresponding intermediate line divided by A C is equal to the trigonometrical sine of the angle D A F, D A G or intermediate angle which angle becomes less as the angle 6 becomes greater; also that these lines C, F, C G etc. are the depth of water above the aXle. Hence the water depth varies as the sine of the angle D A F etc. varies and the change of gas capacity varies in simple proportion to the change in this angle and the simple relations sought for are exactly attained. The synnnetrical curve at A H similar to that at E B is required for a different reason. When the point A is immersed a certain quantity of gas is trapped in the space above the water. If the water level is low, the gas is liberated at the orifice at B after very slight rotation of the drum but if the water level is high as at G then the drum in st rotate until H comes down to the water level before the rising of the orifice at B liberates the gas and if during this rotation the volume of the gas space changed appreciably the drum would not move with perfect freedom but would give rise to differences of water level thus interfering with the regular fiow of gas. I have found that the symn'ietrical curve A H isthat which most perfectly fulfils this last condition when all possible variations of water level are taken into account. It will be seen therefore that with the form of drum described, the two conditions are realized that the variation of gas capacity follows a simple sine law in relation to water level which is that most easily adapted to automatic correction and the meter Works without obstruction or variations of pressure whereby a governor after the meter becomes unnecessary.

Referring now to the Figures 10 to 10 the details of construction will, now that the principles of action are explained, be easily understood. The plate in Figure l0 shows merely the boss M 4, and central hole M 10 shows the diametrical inclined partitions M and peripheral walls M curved as described above and the gas outlets M It also shows two curved distance pieces M inoperative as to gas passage but serving only to maintain the distance between the plates or and 0, Figure 10 1O also shows the two buttresses M which steady the free edge of the diametrical partition before it is cemented in' place. 10 shows the central orifice M always immersed. in water and the two gas inlet openings M for the gas spaces of 10 10 corresponds to 1O being of the same form turned a right angle but the buttresses M appear different as the other halves of these are shown and there are in this Figure the gas-ways M which lead gas from the orifices M in E through the gas space of 10 to the inlet openings M in 10 The plate shown in 1O is provided with a cen tral boss M with tappedhole'M and the four gas inlet passages, the two M leading through M to the back compartments and the two M leading to the front compartments. The mantle 1O is that common in wet gas meters. Tts central opening M is always immersed and the gas to be measured is led into the space between the mantle and the drum face 6 and above the water by a pipe to be described immediately.

It will be seen in Figure 10 that the buttresses M M abut on the central plate 1O one above the other and so stiffen the whole construction. I have found transparent celluloid to be a most convenient material for the construction of the drum.

Referring now to Figures 11 to 1A, M is the lever which controls the gas passage through the nipple M The lever M, is pressed very lightly away from said nipple by a spring, not shown in the Figures, but its free end is pressed by the boss M on the front plate .6 of the meter drum when in consequence of differential rotation this has moved forward on the axle. Such pressure overcomes the light spring and brings the lever more nearly into contact with the nipple M thus reducing the flow of gas. The nipple M is near the end of the turned-up pipe M which is carried by the casting R which forms the foundation on which the regulating tap to be described later is constructed. From what has been said it will be evident that this pipe M passes under water through the opening M in the mantle and delivers gas therein above the water level.

The meter drum is contained within a casing in which the lower part is a casting M, and the upper part is a transparent cover M held down by the rectangular annulus M pinching the flange M of the cover between itself and the flanged casting M Screws M, make the joint tight. As already explained, this joint is below the water level so it there should be any leakage it will be water and not metered gas that escapes. Gas leaves the meter by the tube M passing down through the shelf on which everything is carried and so by the indiarubber tube M to the burner tube C The waste water from the water tray M, passes down by the tube M and so goes to the general drain M Although in the example of construction described above the meter is rotated by buckets supplied with water which does not traverse the calorimeter, I may, if desired, utilize, for supplying the water wheel buckets, water which has previously passed through the calorimeter, i. e. subsequently to its discharge from the pipe C This alternative merely necessitates the disposal of the meter water wheel and connected elements at a level below that of the termination of the pipe 0 Having now shown how the water level must vary with temperature and pressure in order that the meter may measure and pass the same actual quantity of gas at each turn, I can next show how this variation of level is brought about. V (Figure l) is a bell made of glass held in the wooden clamp V pinches upon it by screw V, and nut V, so that by loosening the nut the bell V, can be raised or lowered. The upper end communicates through a tube with a stopcock V so that the tube may either be closed hermetically or connected with a small tunnel V, open to the air. The bell is cylindrical and is open below. This end is closed by the mercury bath V which, to economise mercury, is made with a hollow or kick V, nearly up to the mercury level. The edge of the bell dips into the narrow annular space around the kick and some water V is allowed to float on the mercury. Thus a certain volume of air saturated with water vapour is trapped in the bell above the mercury and the quantity of air can be altered by opening the stopcock and moving the bath one way or the other. The tunnel V is convenient for the insertion of water. The mercury bathmost easily made of celluloid hangs in a swivel ring V resting on pins V in a pair of notches V in a crutch V carried on the end of the lever arm V which turns with its pin V in a hole in the side of the meter casing and enters the water of the meter. Beyond the leveris continued so as to carry the balance weight V with its instability bob V the two being adjustable in position, the weight V being clamped to the lever V by the screw V on which the instability bob V may be screwed up or down to adjust the instability as will be explained. The balance weight is so placed that when the stopcock V is open to the air the bath is balanced. As, however, the greater or less immersion of the bell in the mercury acts as a stability, i. e. if balanced in a certain position it will be in strong stable equilibrium there; this is the same as saying that it the bell is more immersed owing to a rise of the bath and the stopcock closed, the air in the bell is under slightly diminished pressure and under greater presure when less immersed. Such variation of pressure would aliect the volume of the gas in the bell. In order to prevent this the instability bob V is provided, its action being in the opposite sense to that due to the stability caused by immersion and it adjusted in height, equal thereto. It, therefore, both the counterweight and the stability bob are correctly adjusted, the mercury bath will be in sensibly neutral equilibrium whether the bell is immersed more orless. The volume of the air trapped in the .bell is then that due to air saturated with water vapour and at the temperature and pressure of the moment and the position of the mercury bath V as indicated by a pointer V in conjunction with a scale oi gas volume V on the front of the calorimeter tower C C enables an observer to observe that the bell has attained its correct position by comparing the scale indication with a table of gas volumes for saturated gas. The scale of gas volume V is capable of adjustment and clamping by means of the nut V As the whole angle moved by the lever arm V for any usual changes of temperature and pressure is very small, the angle and its sine are equivalent and the angle moved by the lever from its mean position either way is proportional to the variation either way of the gas volume. Nithin the meter casing a curved lever V is secured to the pin which is fastened to the lever outside by the action of a pinching screw (not shown) acting on a flat on the pin thus ensuring that the lever V is tipped up to the correct angle as required by the theory of the meter. This angle is equal to D A x if A. x is taken about halfway between A B and A E. The lever V is bent so as not to foul the meter axle or bush and the distance to the pivot hole V, from the axis of the pin is exactly equal to the radius A C, Figure 10 lt follows from this construction that the pivot hole V follows the sine law of change of level demanded by the theory of the meter for the change of water level so that it is merely necessary to 

